Al Gore revisits global warming
Al Gore has taken his campaign against climate change, with which he toured America, and turned its words and pictures into a book and a movie both called An Inconvenient Truth. With passionate warnings and pictures, Gore, his movies and the book may just push awareness of global warming to new heights. By Michiko Kakutani
An Inconvenient Truth, By Al Gore, Rodale Press, €15
Lately, global warming seems to be tiptoeing toward a tipping point in the public consciousness. There has been broad agreement over the fundamentals of global warming in mainstream scientific circles for some time now. And despite efforts by the Bush administration to shrug it off as an incremental threat best dealt with through voluntary emissions controls and technological innovation, the issue has been making inroads in the collective imagination, spurred by new scientific reports pointing to rising temperatures around the world and melting ice-fields in Greenland and Antarctica. A year ago, the National Academy of Sciences joined similar groups from other countries in calling for prompt action to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.
A Time magazine cover story in April declared that "the climate is crashing and global warming is to blame", noting that a new Time/ABC News/Stanford University poll showed that 87 per cent of respondents believe the government should encourage or require a lowering of power-plant emissions. That same month, a US News & World Report article noted that dozens of evangelical leaders had called for federal legislation to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and that "a growing number of investors are pushing for change from the business community" as well. And even Hollywood films like the kids' cartoon Ice Age: The Meltdown, and the much sillier disaster epic The Day After Tomorrow, take climate change as a narrative premise.
Enter – or rather, re-enter – Al Gore, former vice-president, former Democratic candidate for president and longtime champion of the environment, who helped to organise the first Congressional hearings on global warming several decades ago.
Fourteen years ago, during the 1992 campaign, George Bush Snr dismissed Al Gore as "Ozone Man" – if the Clinton-Gore ticket were elected, he suggested, "We'll be up to our neck in owls and out of work for every American." But with the emerging consensus on global warming today, Al Gore's passionate warnings about climate change are increasingly prescient. He has revived the slideshow about global warming that he first began giving in 1990 and taken it on the road, and he has now turned that presentation into a book and a documentary, both called An Inconvenient Truth. The film (which just launched in Cannes) shows a focused and accessible Gore and has revived talk in some circles of another possible Gore run for the White House.
The book's roots as a slideshow are very much in evidence. It does not pretend to grapple with climate change using the sort of minute detail and analysis that three books on the subject did earlier this spring, and yet, as a user-friendly introduction to global warming and a succinct summary of many of the central arguments laid out in those other volumes, An Inconvenient Truth is lucid, harrowing and bluntly effective.
Like Al Gore's 1992 book Earth in the Balance, this volume displays an earnest, teacherly tone, but it is largely free of the New Age psychobabble and A-student grandiosity that rumbled through that earlier book. Graph's are used to clearly illustrate the human-caused rise in carbon dioxide levels in recent years, the simultaneous rise in Northern Hemisphere temperatures and the correlation between the two. Al Gore points out that 20 of the 21 hottest years measured "have occurred within the last 25 years", adding that the hottest year yet was 2005 – a year in which "more than 200 cities and towns" in the western United States set all-time heat records.
As for the volume's copious photos, they too serve to underscore important points. We see Mount Kilimanjaro in the process of losing its famous snows over three-and-a-half decades, and Glacier National Park losing its glaciers in a similar period of time. There are satellite images of an ice shelf in Antarctica (previously thought to be stable for another 100 years) breaking up within the astonishing period of 35 days, and photos that show a healthy, Kodachrome-bright coral reef, juxtaposed with photos of a dying coral reef that has been bleached by hotter ocean waters.
Pausing now and then to offer personal asides, Al Gore methodically lays out the probable consequences of rising temperatures: powerful and more destructive hurricanes fuelled by warmer ocean waters; increased soil-moisture evaporation, which means drier land, less productive agriculture and more fires; and melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, which would lead to rising ocean levels, which in turn would endanger low-lying regions of the world from southern Florida to large portions of the Netherlands.
Al Gore does a cogent job of explaining how global warming can disrupt delicate ecological balances, resulting in the spread of pests (like the pine beetle, whose migration used to be slowed by colder winters), increases in the range of disease vectors (including mosquitoes, ticks and fleas), and the extinction of a growing number of species.
Already, he claims, a study shows that "polar bears have been drowning in significant numbers" as melting Arctic ice forces them to swim longer and longer distances, while other studies indicate that the population of Emperor penguins "has declined by an estimated 70 per cent over the past 50 years".
The book contains some oversimplifications. While Al Gore observes that the US is currently responsible for more greenhouse-gas pollution than South America, Africa, the Middle East, Australia, Japan and Asia combined, he underplays the daunting increase in emissions that a rapidly growing China will produce in the next several decades. And, in an effort to communicate the message that something can still be done about global warming, he resorts to some corny invocations of America's can-do, put-a-man-on-the-moon spirit.
However, for the most part, Al Gore's stripped-down narrative emphasises facts over emotion, common sense over portentous predictions – an approach that proves considerably more persuasive than the more alarmist one assumed, say, by Tim Flannery in The Weather Makers. Al Gore shows why environmental health and a healthy economy do not constitute mutually exclusive choices, and he enumerates practical steps that can be taken to reduce carbon emissions to a point below 1970s levels.
Al Gore, who once wrote an introduction to an edition of Rachel Carson's classic Silent Spring (the 1962 book that alerted readers to the dangers of pesticides and is credited with spurring the modern environmental movement), isn't a scientist like Carson and doesn't possess her literary gifts; he writes, rather, as a populariser of other people's research and ideas.
But in this multimedia day of shorter attention spans and high-profile authors, An Inconvenient Truth (the book and the movie) could play a similar role in galvanising public opinion about a real and present danger. It might even push awareness of global warming to a real tipping point – and beyond.p